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<title>Identity-based security</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity-based security</span></span>

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<p><b>Identity-based security</b> is a type of <a href="Security" title="Security">security</a> that focuses on access to digital information or services based on the authenticated identity of an entity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ensures that the users and services of these digital resources are entitled to what they receive. The most common form of identity-based security involves the login of an account with a username and password. However, recent technology has evolved into <a href="Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">fingerprinting</a> or <a href="Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While most forms of identity-based security are secure and reliable, none of them are perfect and each contains its own flaws and issues.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The earliest forms of Identity-based security was introduced in the 1960s by computer scientist <a href="Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando Corbató</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Corbató invented computer passwords to prevent users from going through other people's files, a problem evident in his <a href="Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System (C.T.S.S.)</a>, which allowed multiple users access to a computer concurrently.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fingerprinting however, although not digital when first introduced, dates back even further to the 2nd and 3rd century, with King <a href="Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> sealing contracts through his fingerprints in ancient Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of fingerprinting was also discovered in ancient China as a method of identification in official courts and documents. It was then introduced in the U.S. during the early 20th century through prison systems as a method of identification.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, facial recognition was developed in the 1960s, funded by American intelligence agencies and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_identity-based_security">Types of identity-based security</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account_Login">Account Login</h3></div>

<p>The most common form of Identity-based security is password authentication involving the login of an online account. Most of the largest digital corporations rely on this form of security, such as <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>, and <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>. Account logins are easy to register, difficult to compromise, and offer a simple solution to identity-based digital services.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fingerprint">Fingerprint</h3></div>

<p><a href="Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprint</a> biometric authentication is another type of identity-based security. It is considered to be one of the most secure forms of identification due to its reliability and accessibility, in addition to it being extremely hard to fake. Fingerprints are also unique for every person, lasting a lifetime without significant change. Currently, fingerprint biometric authentication are most commonly used in police stations, security industries, as well as smart-phones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facial_Recognition">Facial Recognition</h3></div>

<p>Facial recognition operates by first capturing an image of the face. Then, a computer algorithm determines the distinctiveness of the face, including but not limited to eye location, shape of chin, or distance from the nose. The algorithm then converts this information into a database, with each set of data having enough detail to distinguish one face from another.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_issues">Controversies and issues</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Account_Login_2">Account Login</h3></div>

<p>A problem of this form of security is the tendency for consumers to forget their passwords. On average, an individual is registered to 25 online accounts requiring a password, and most individuals vary passwords for each account.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by <a href="Mastercard" title="Mastercard">Mastercard</a> and the <a href="University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, "about a third of online purchases are abandoned at checkout because consumers cannot remember their passwords."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the consumer does forget their password, they will usually have to request a password reset sent to their linked email account, further delaying the purchasing process. According to an article published by Phys Org, 18.75% of consumers abandon checkout due to password reset issues.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When individuals set a uniform password across all online platforms, this makes the login process much simpler and hard to forget. However, by doing so, it introduces another issue where a security breach in one account will lead to similar breaches in all remaining accounts, jeopardizing their online security.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the solution to remembering all passwords much harder to achieve.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fingerprint_2">Fingerprint</h3></div>

<p>While fingerprinting is generally considered to be secure and reliable, the physical condition of one's finger during the scan can drastically affect its results. For example, physical injuries, differing displacement, and skin conditions can all lead to faulty and unreliable biometric information that may deny one's authorization.

</p><p>Another issue with fingerprinting is known as the biometric sensor attack. In such an attack, a fake finger or a print of the finger is used in replacement to fool the sensors and grant authentication to unauthorized personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facial_Recognition_2">Facial Recognition</h3></div>

<p>Facial recognition relies on the face of an individual to identify and grant access to products, services, or information. However, it can be fraudulent due to limitations in technology (lighting, image resolution) as well as changes in facial structures over time.

</p><p>There are two types of failure for facial recognition tests.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is a false positive, where the database matches the image with a data set but not the data set of the actual user's image. The other type of failure is a false negative, where the database fails to recognize the face of the correct user. Both types of failure have trade-offs with accessibility and security, which make the percentage of each type of error significant. For instance, a facial recognition on a smart-phone would much rather have instances of false negatives rather than false positives since it is more optimal for you to take several tries logging in rather than randomly granting a stranger access to your phone.

</p><p>While in ideal conditions with perfect lighting, positioning, and camera placement, facial recognition technology can be as accurate as 99.97%. However, such conditions are extremely rare and therefore unrealistic. In a study conducted by the <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</a>, video-recorded facial recognition accuracy ranged from 94.4% to 36% depending on camera placement as well as the nature of the setting.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Aside from the technical deficiencies of Facial Recognition, racial bias has also emerged as a controversial subject. A federal study in 2019 concluded that facial recognition systems falsely identified Black and Asian faces 10 to 100 times more often than White faces.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Digital_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Identity">Digital Identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Attribute-based_access_control" title="Attribute-based access control">Attribute-based access control</a></li>

<li><a href="Federated_identity" title="Federated identity">Federated identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity-based_conditional_proxy_re-encryption" title="Identity-based conditional proxy re-encryption">Identity-based conditional proxy re-encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_driven_networking" title="Identity driven networking">Identity driven networking</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity management system">Identity management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-sovereign_identity" title="Self-sovereign identity">Self-sovereign identity</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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